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Ectoplasm (paranormal)
''Ectoplasm'' (from the Greek ''ektos'', meaning "outside", and ''plasma'', meaning "something formed or molded") is a term coined by Charles Richet to denote a substance or spiritual energy "exteriorized" by physical mediums.〔("Ectoplasm" ). Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Parapsychological Association (2006-01-24).〕 Ectoplasm is said to be associated with the formation of spirits.〔Rosemary Guiley. (1994). ''The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits''. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 104. ISBN 978-0851127484〕 Ectoplasm is considered to be a hoax, made from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.〔Gordon Stein. (1993). ''Encyclopedia of Hoaxes''. Gale Group. p. 205. ISBN 0-8103-8414-0 "One strange phenomena of spiritualism, once popular, was the production of ectoplasm. This was a white substance that appeared to ooze from various openings of the medium's body. It was usually made of gauze, chiffon, or cheesecloth, often soaked or treated with various substances."〕
==Phenomenon==
Ectoplasm is said to be formed by physical mediums when in a trance state. This material is excreted as a gauze-like substance from orifices on the medium's body and spiritual entities are said to drape this substance over their nonphysical body, enabling them to interact in the physical and real universe. Some accounts claim that ectoplasm begins clear and almost invisible, but darkens and becomes visible, as the psychic energy becomes stronger. Still other accounts state that in extreme cases ectoplasm will develop a strong odor. According to some mediums, the ectoplasm can not occur in light conditions as the ectoplasmic substance would disintegrate.〔C. E. M. Joad. (2005). ''Guide to Modern Thought'' Kessinger Reprint Edition. p. 174〕
The psychical researcher Gustav Geley defined ectoplasm as being “very variable in appearance, being sometimes vaporous, sometimes a plastic paste, sometimes a bundle of fine threads, or a membrane with swellings or fringes, or a fine fabric-like tissue”.〔Guy Christian Barnard. (1933). ''The Supernormal: A Critical Introduction to Psychic Science''. London: Rider & Co., Print〕 Arthur Conan Doyle described ectoplasm as “a viscous, gelatinous substance which appeared to differ from every known form of matter in that it could solidify and be used for material purposes”.〔Arthur Conan Doyle. (1930). ''The Edge of the Unknown''. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, Print〕
Although the term is widespread in popular culture, the physical existence of ectoplasm is not accepted by science. Some tested samples purported to be ectoplasm have been found to be various non-paranormal substances. Other researchers have duplicated, with non-supernatural materials, the photographic effects sometimes said to prove the existence of ectoplasm.〔Dawn M. Peterson, ("Mysterious Beings or Mere Accidents?" ), ''Skeptical Briefs'' newsletter, June 2004.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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